SEIZURE Disorder

A seizure is the response to an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. Anything that irritates the brain can produce a seizure. Two thirds of people who experience a seizure never have another. One third go on to have recurring seizures (a condition called epilepsy).
        Precisely what happens during a seizure depends on what part of the brain is affected by the abnormal electrical discharge. The seizure discharge may involve a tiny area of the brain and lead only to the person noticing an odd smell or taste, or it may involve large areas and lead to a convulsion--jerking and spasms of muscles throughout the body. The person may also have brief attacks of altered consciousness; lose consciousness, muscle control, or bladder control; and become confused.

Subscribe to a free Supplement Research Update newsletter at Physician Formulas. Twice a month we email a brief abstract of several studies on various supplements and natural medicine topics, including seizure treatment, and their practical interpretation by Ray Sahelian, M.D.

Cause of Seizure disorders
High fever due to infections. Most of the time, these types of febrile seizure are temporary. Brain infections from a number of viruses and bacteria are a cause of seizure. Antibiotic or antiviral therapy can treat the infection and hence prevent the seizure from reoccuring.
Seizure can occur due to heatstroke.
Exposure to toxic drugs and substances such as excess alcohol, amphetamines, and cocaine can certainly lead to seizures.
Withdrawal after heavy use of alcohol, sleep aids, tranquilizers.
Adverse reaction to prescription drugs.
Metabolic disturbances such as high levels of sugar or sodium in the blood, low levels of sugar, calcium, magnesium, or sodium in the blood, kidney or liver failure.
Insufficient oxygen to the brain from strokes or carbon monoxide poisoning.
Destruction of brain tissue form head injury or brain tumor.
In rare cases, excessively high doses of certain nutrients and herbs may cause a seizure or make it more likely to occur.

Natural therapy for seizures
The ketogenic diet may be helpful in reducing the frequency of seizures.
Improvement of sleep patterns can help reduce the frequency of seizures.
Improvement in diet. A high-fat, low carbohydrate diet can drastically cut seizures in children with severe epilepsy and could reduce the need for medication.
Fish oils may be helpful, see study below.
Melatonin has been found to be helpful in children taking valproate (see study below)
Add calcium and vitamin D since patients on medications often lose bone mass.
Bacopa has been used in India for epilepsy however research on this herb regarding seizures is very limited.
Carnosine has been looked into, see study below, but no human studies are available.
Scutellariae radix water extract has anticonvulsant activity against tonic seizures in mice. Its role in humans is not clear.
Yoga is helpful.

Supplements that may have an adverse effect on seizure
Reduce or eliminate any kind of  supplements that have a stimulant effect such as tyrosine, ephedra, caffeine, guarana, ginkgo, and teas that have caffeine.

Carnosine and Seizures
Carnosine, a precursor of histidine, ameliorates pentylenetetrazole-induced kindled seizures in rat.
Neurosci Lett. 2006 May 29;400(1-2):146-9. Wu XH, Ding MP, Zhu-Ge ZB, Zhu YY, Jin CL, Chen Z.
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China.
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-l-histidine) has been characterized as a putative neurotransmitter. However, so far, understanding of the role of carnosine in the brain is very limited. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of carnosine on the development of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling seizures and protection against the PTZ kindled seizures in rats. Injection of carnosine (200, 500 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased seizure stage, and prolonged the latencies for myoclonic jerks, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In the seizure development process, 500 mg/kg carnosine also significantly delayed the onset of PTZ kindled seizures. In addition, carnosine significantly reversed decreased histamine levels induced by PTZ kindled seizure in the hippocampus. These results indicate that carnosine can protect against PTZ-induced seizures in both the development of kindling and the challenge process in rats. The results suggest that carnosine might be an endogenous anticonvulsant factor in the brain and can be used as a new antiepileptic drug in future.

Anti Seizure medication

Type of seizure
Absence seizure - During an absence seizure it can appear to others that the person is daydreaming, something we all do when we are bored or distracted. However, during the absence seizure the person cannot be woken up since they are temporarily unconscious.
Complex partial seizure
Focal seizure
Grand mall
Myoclonic
Partial seizure
Petit mal seizure - some people misspell this as petite mal seizure
Tonic clonic

Seizure symptom
Symptoms of seizures depend on the type of seizure, ranging from a hardly noticed few second mental distraction to a total full blown epileptic seizure involving all extremities and muscle groups leading to loss of consciousness. A diabetic seizure can occur due to a sudden drop in blood sugar from insulin overdose.
Seizure Research Update
After a seizure, early intervention with anticonvulsant drugs appears to have little effect on the long-term prognosis of epilepsy. When to begin treatment with antiepileptic drugs in patients with few or infrequent seizures is a difficult decision. Doctors and patients must weigh the risk of seizure recurrence against the risk of medication side effects. Researchers evaluated the outcomes of patients who had single seizures and early epilepsy whose doctors were uncertain whether to proceed with treatment. The researchers randomly assigned 722 patients to start treatment immediately and 721 to defer treatment until the doctors and patient agreed that seixure treatment was necessary. In the deferred-treatment group, 332 started treatment during the course of the trial.
Patients who deferred treatment had a shorter time until the first or second recurrent seizure. However, the two groups did not differ in time to a fifth seizure. By the two-year follow-up, 32 percent of those in the immediate-treatment group had a recurrent seizure versus 39 percent of those in the deferred-treatment group. There was no greater improvement in quality of life among those assigned to immediate treatment versus deferred treatment. Immediate treatment was associated with more adverse events that were believed to be treatment related. After three years, 74 percent of the immediate-treatment group and 71 percent of the deferred-treatment group were seizure-free. At 5 years, 76 percent and 77 percent were seizure free.

Screening of plants used in Danish folk medicine to treat epilepsy and convulsions.
 J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Nov 14;
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of 42 plants used in Danish folk medicine for the treatment of epilepsy and convulsions, or for inducing sedation, were tested for affinity to the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor in the flumazenil-binding assay. Ethanolic extracts of leaves of Primula elatior and Primula veris and aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium exhibited good, dose-dependent affinity.

Vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine appears to increase a child's risk of having a seizure from a high fever -- a usually harmless event. However, the increased risk appears to be small and short-lived, Danish researchers report. Moreover, like other febrile seizures, those arising after vaccination were not associated with an increased risk of developing epilepsy.

Diet enriched with omega-3 fatty acids alleviates convulsion symptoms in seizure patients.
Epilepsia. 2002 Jan;43(1):103-4.
We examined whether a dietary supplement containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) can alleviate and/or reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures in patients with central nervous system (CNS) diseases treated with anticonvulsive drugs. A special spread containing 65% n-3 PUFAs was added to the daily diet. The patients consumed 5 g of this spread at every breakfast for 6 months. RESULTS: Five patients completed the study. In all of them, a marked reduction in both frequency and strength of the epileptic seizures was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of the dietary supplement containing n-3 PUFAs may be beneficial in suppression of some cases of epileptic seizures.

Herbal Medicines and Epilepsy: The Potential for Benefit and Adverse Effects.
Spinella M. Epilepsy Behav. 2001 Dec;2(6):524-532.
The widespread availability and use of herbal medicines raise the potential for seizures. Herbal sedatives (kava, valerian, chamomile, passionflower) may potentiate the effects of antiepileptic medications, increasing their sedative and cognitive effects. Despite some anti seizure effects in animal models, they should not be used in place of standard seizure medications because efficacy has not been established. Anecdotal, uncontrolled observations suggest that herbal stimulants containing ephedrine (ephedra or ma huang) and caffeine (cocoa, coffee, tea, mate, guarana, cola or kola) can exacerbate seizures in people with epilepsy, especially when taken in combination. Ginkgo and ginseng may also exacerbate seizures although the evidence for this is similarly anecdotal and uncertain. St. John's wort has the potential to alter medication pharmacokinetics and the seizure threshold. The essential oils of many plants contain epileptogenic compounds. There is mixed evidence for evening primrose and borage lowering the seizure threshold. Education of both health care providers and patients is the best way to avoid unintentional and unnecessary adverse reactions to herbal medicines.

Add-on melatonin improves quality of life in epileptic children on valproate monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India.
Epilepsy Behav. 2004 Jun;5(3):316-21.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in epileptic children aged 3-12 years evaluated the effects of add-on melatonin administration on the quality of life of these children on sodium valproate (VPA) monotherapy using a parental questionnaire. Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy is a questionnaire designed to assess a variety of age-relevant domains such as physical function, emotional well-being, cognitive function, social function, behavior, and general health. Of the 31 patients, 16 randomly received add-on melatonin (MEL), whereas 15 received add-on placebo (P). The questionnaire had good internal consistency reliability, because for most of the multi-item scales Cronbach's [Formula: see text] reliability exceeded 0.5 (range: 0.59-0.94). To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing quality of life in epileptic children with add-on melatonin administration in the form of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The study suggests a potential use of melatonin as an adjunct to antiepileptic therapy due to its diverse spectrum of action as an antioxidant, neuroprotector, and free radical scavenger, thus offering the advantage of reducing oxidant stress and subsequent damage. The beneficial effects of melatonin on sleep, its wide safety window, and its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier have the potential to improve quality of life in pediatric epilepsy.

The results of a small study confirm previous findings that treatment with the anti-seizure drug valproate tends to increase body weight. The results also show that patients treated with the drug appear to have an increased risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Ginkgo may induce seizures in certain individuals in rare cases.

The fruit essential oil of Pimpinella anisum ( anise ) exerts anti - seizure effects in mice.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Aug;66(2):211-5.
This study investigates anti - seizure effects of an essential oil of the fruits of anise, a folkloric remedy in the Iranian traditional medicine, against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or maximal electroshock (MES) in male mice. Anise essential oil suppressed tonic convulsions induced by PTZ or MES. It also elevated the threshold of PTZ-induced clonic convulsions in mice. Anise essential oil produced motor impairment. However, this effect was not observed at the doses and time courses needed for anticonvulsant activity. seizure seizure natural therapy seizure vitamins herbs for seizures

Seizure emails
Q. I have epilepsy and last year in January 2005 I started taking Ginkgo Biloba (120mg One a day), as I believed it would improve my poor circulation and there was nothing stated on the packaging to suggest I shouldn't take it. One month later I had a seizure. My usual recovery time is a maximum of 2 days , however I had to take two weeks off work due to residual effects, predominately severe disorintation. The unexpected long duration of my initial recovery was very destressing and I have only recently felt 100% again. I researched the supplement after the incident, as this was the only change to my lifestyle and was horrified that the risk of seizures although not 100% founded at present was stated in several sources. Nothing was mentioned on the packaging of the supplement and although I have sent and received various letters from the company who is responsible, nothing could come of my misfortune due to the lack of legislation relating to herbal supplements. The conclusion taken not only by myself but also by my Neurologist was the supplement had triggered my seizure, with my consent a medial case report has been compiled. The purpose of my email is simply to pass the message on, and hope somewhere along the line suitable changes to packaging and awareness are made.

Q. I have been taking 500mg a day of L-Tyrosine since June 2006 in combination with 500 mg of Para Thyrolate, and vitamin B (as prescribed by a nutritionist.) Also, I have high blood pressure and have been taking hydrocholorathiazide for the past two years. On Friday December 22 I had a Grand Mal Seizure followed by a second one 5 hours later. I have never had a seizure before in my life and I am 36 years old. The day of the seizure I had been feeling like I was coming down with a cold or flu and barely ate anything all day. I have been reading up on the side effects of L-Tyrosine and realized that I have been experiencing side-effects for quite some time; heart palpitations
and what appeared to be mini panic attacks. Has L- Tyrosine ever been documented to cause seizures? At the hospital they ran lots of tests and could not seem to find anything wrong with me so the seizure remains unexplained.
   A. Although we have not come across any published studies regarding the role of l tyrosine on seizure inducement, we can not rule out the possibility, that, in some people, it is possible that high doses of l tyrosine could reduce the threshold for a seizure to occur. This is just speculation since we have not seen actual research blaming l tyrosine supplement use and seizure occurrence.

Q. My husband was placed on Keppra for a mild seizure problem after a stroke, he is 75 years old. The cure was worse than the disease. Keppra gave him agitation, dizziness, no balance, runny nose and a whole list of other side effects. He is so much better after stopping the Keppra. I told his doctor I refuse to give it to him.